Public Relations in the Hospitality Industry free essay sample

Public Relations in the Hospitality Industry Public elations practices and principles Imani Laport Imani Laport Public Relations Practices and Principles Midterm Reaserch paper Public Relations in the Hospitality Industry Public relations and the hospitality industry go hand and hand. Without the help of public relations the hospitality industry would not be successful. Public relations practioners have struggled over the years to find a sound definition for their work. It’s taken over a century to just find a basic overview of the practice. It has been called many things such as image management or perception management. Public relations in a whole, is how you present an organization to its publics. It is a communication process. The job of a PR person is to first create an image for an organization and present it to its public. Once that is done it is their job to uphold that image so that the organization will continue to prosper. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relations in the Hospitality Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hospitality industry is the relationship between hosts and guests. It entails many different things depending on the business that you are a part of. Many different jobs fall under the hospitality industry such as the reception and entertainment of guests , visitors, or strangers, resorts, membership clubs, restaurants , attractions, and special events. It is a very profitable industry being that it is one that people rely on. People have very high standards for this industry. All employees must have proper training because of the high standards. When people travel to other places they need the hospitality industry. They need a place to stay when they’re away from there home; they have to find restaurants for food and things like that.Now that the basic need is established then you move into different levels of comfort such as five star hotels instead of motels or top of the line restaurants instead of McDonald’s and Wendy’s. All of this of course depends on a budget but this makes the hospitality industry a very competitive one because you have a bunch of different places competing with the next which can be very stressful which is where public relations comes into play. There could be the best hotel in New York with amazing services and amenities, but if no one knows anything about it then it is useless.The hospitality’s industries public relations department must always be updated and ready for change. They move with their competitors and things are constantly changing. This is good because it keeps people coming to your business. Once they have witnessed your amazing service the first time and perhaps they look into a brochure or and online website and see that you’ve added new things to your business, they will definitely come back. Public relations are not an easy job. It takes a lot of research and planning.Not only do you have to know your organization but you have to know about all other organizations like you. This is because you have to know who you’re competing against if you know nothing about other organizations then how you are going to set standards for yours. Marketing and advertising is a huge part of public relations. PR persons have many different advertising and marketing strategies. It’s like our game plan after the image for the business is created. We have to know of ways we can get that particular organization recognized. This is where the PR person needs to do a lot of research and planning. For example if you are the PR person for a specific hotel you need to know about the other hotels on your level starting with prices. A motel would not be trying to compete with a five star hotel. You compete with the organizations on your level. Then you would work on the amenities and services. You want your staff to very welcoming to your guest. When they are at your hotel they should not have to go through a world of trouble to get something as simple as more towels. This is why you have to do your research about other organizations because you need to see their strengths and weaknesses. A good way of doing that is looking at the reviews on those hotels then you know exactly how the customers feel because they are the ones who write them. Public relations in the hospitality industry could not do without each other. They need to be on the same page at all times. These businesses need publicity in order to make a profit and become reputable and public relations practioners need to have something with a reputation to uphold. That is our whole purpose and what we love to do.

Great Hammerhead Shark

Great Hammerhead Shark The great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) is the largest of the 9 species of hammerhead sharks. These sharks are easily recognized by their unique hammer or shovel-shaped heads. Description The great hammerhead can reach a maximum length of about 20 feet, but their average length is about 12 feet. Their maximum length is about 990 pounds. They have a grayish-brown to light gray back and white underside. Great hammerhead sharks have a notch in the center of their head, which is known as a cephalofoil. The cephalofoil has a gentle curve in juvenile sharks but becomes straight as the shark ages. Great hammerhead sharks have a very tall, curved first dorsal fin and a smaller second dorsal fin. They have 5-gill slits. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: SelachiiSuperorder: GaleomorphiOrder: CarcharhiniformesFamily: SphyrnidaeGenus: SphyrnaSpecies: mokarran Habitat and Distribution Great hammerhead sharks live in warm temperate and tropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. They are also found in the Mediterranean and Black Seas and Arabian Gulf. They undertake seasonal migrations to cooler waters in the summer. Great hammerheads may be found in both nearshore and offshore waters, over continental shelves, near islands, and near coral reefs. Feeding Hammerheads use their cephalofoils for detection of prey using their electro-reception system. This system allows them to detect their prey by electrical fields. Great hammerhead sharks primarily feed at dusk and eat stingrays, invertebrates, and fish, including even other great hammerheads. Their favorite prey is rays, which they pin down using their heads. They then bite at the rays wings to immobilize them and eat the entire ray, including the tail spine. Reproduction Great hammerhead sharks may mate at the surface, which is unusual behavior for a shark. During mating, the male transfers sperm to the female via his claspers. Great hammerhead sharks are viviparous (give birth to live young). The gestation period for a female shark is about 11 months, and 6-42 pups are born live. The pups are about 2 feet long at birth. Shark Attacks Hammerhead sharks are generally not dangerous to humans, but great hammerheads should be avoided due to their size. Hammerhead sharks, in general, are listed by the International Shark Attack File #8 on its list of species responsible for shark attacks from the years 1580 to 2011. During this time, hammerheads were responsible for 17 non-fatal, unprovoked attacks and 20 fatal, provoked attacks. Conservation Great hammerheads are listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to their slow reproduction rate, high bycatch mortality and harvest in shark finning operations. The IUCN encourages implementation of shark finning bans to protect this species. References and Further Information ARKive. Great Hammerhead. Accessed June 30, 2012.Bester, Cathleen.Great Hammerhead Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed June 30, 2012.Carpenter, K.E. Great Hammerhead: Sphyrna mokarran. Accessed June 30, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Denham, J., Stevens, J., Simpfendorfer, C.A., Heupel, M.R., Cliff, G., Morgan, A., Graham, R., Ducrocq, M., Dulvy, N.D, Seisay, M., Asber, M., Valenti, S.V., Litvinov, F., Martins, P., Lemine Ould Sidi, M. Tous, P. and Bucal, D. 2007. Sphyrna mokarran. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1... Accessed June 30, 2012.Florida Museum of Natural History. 2012. ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark. Accessed June 30, 2012.Krupa, D. 2002. Why the Hammerhead Sharks Head is In the Shape Its In. American Physiological Society. Accessed June 30, 2012.ScienceDaily. 2010. Hammerhead Shark Study Shows Cascade of Evolution Affected Size, Head Shape. A ccessed June 30, 2012.

Economies of Scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economies of Scale - Essay Example This concept is popularly known as 'Economies of Scale'. Many firms in different sectors of the economy are experiencing the economies of scale by virtue of expanding their economic activities to a greater level. The economies of scale may be internal or external. Internal economies of scale are experienced within the same firm while external economies of scale are experienced in the same industry. In this paper the internal economies of scale are discussed in detail in the Section-I. Subsequently disadvantages of the economies of scale for a firm as well as for the consumers of the firms experiencing economies of scale are described in the section-II and III. Finally the implications of the regulatory authorities on the concept of 'minimum efficient scale' has been described in section-IV. If the average cost per unit of input falls per unit increase in the output, then the firm is said to be enjoying the internal economies of scale. This in other words it can be expressed as a percentage change in all inputs leads to a greater percentage change in outputs. Here average total cost (ATC) first decreases because fixed cost such as buildings, equipments and management expenses remains constant and have been utilized to their optimum. The total cost is spread over a greater range of outputs. This increasing returns to scale is achieved till an optimum level after which any increase in the quantity of input, the average total cost(ATC) increases showing the diseconomies of scale. Firms which generally require large capital investments show economies of scale. This internal economies of scale is of five types, such as technical, commercial, managerial, financial and risk bearing economies. The pattern of the economies of scale is shown in the figure- 1. Figure-1: Various types of economies of scale (Source: http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/economics/firms/presentation/scale_map.htm ) There are various factors as shown in the figure-1 contributes to different economies of scale. Each factor has got significance for reduction in average cost of production thus making the output cheaper. Technical: Technical economies are when improved techniques benefits a firm to increase its production to a large extent. "Businesses with large scale production can use more advanced machinery (or use existing machinery more efficiently). This may include using mass production techniques, which are more efficient form of production" ( tutor2u.net). This technical economies of scale is achieved due to several factors, such as: Indivisibility of Plant:- Due to imperfect divisibility of factors the economies of scale occur and the long-run average cost falls because of this indivisibility of factors (Kaldor & Robinson, cited by Ahuza, 2004). In this case most of the factors are 'lumpy' i.e. they are available in large indivisible units which can therefore yield lower cost of production when they are used to produce a large output. Here example can be given of telecommunication industry where the initial investment in infrastructure is too high. So by increasing a larger clientele base only the fixed cost can be spread over and increasing return to scale may be seen. Likewise another example is radio-dispatching technology used by the police officers. The cost of installing the technology is about the same no